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Energy systems are often considered at a coarse level – at the scale of a nation – or at a relatively fine scale – at the technology end.
After the optimization problem at a coarse level is solved, one goes to its neighboring finer level, using the solution of the former one to compute an initial design for the latter one.
In the cascadic multilevel optimization, it is not necessary to devote too much effort to find an accurate solution for the optimization at a coarse level, and the optimization is allowed to stop when it comes near a local optimal solution.
At a coarse level, stand density for the compartment could be used as input to the model.
We anticipate that including location information as an extra feature to the models, even at a coarse level (urban or rural), will further improve our prediction performance.
Alternatively, it may be that the location information is only present at a coarse level in the first place (and is perfectly maintained).
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However, Cell-ID will at best provide a coarse level estimate of location.
Due to its adaptive multilevel resolution, F-ADM develops an automatic integrated framework to homogenise or explicitly represent a fracture network at a coarser level by selection of the multilevel coarse nodes in each sub-domain.
This follows directly from the constitutive granularity of material entities: an atom, for instance, can be (at a finer level) an object in its own right and (at a coarser level) a fiat object part of a molecule; and a molecule simultaneously an object, a fiat object part of a cell and a fiat object part of an organ.
At a coarser level of granularity, topological adherence is treated as topological coherence and sub-clusters of an object cluster as fiat object parts of the corresponding object of coarser granularity (Fig. 5), which in their turn are demarcated from one another by fiat boundariesmat.
However, if they do not form objects at a coarser level of granularity (e.g., because the cell cluster does not include all cells of the multicellular organism), they are demarcated by fiat boundariesmat from other clusters of the same type (for definitions see table 2).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com