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The proposed global standardized partial autocorrelation (SPAC) method tests whether the spatial profile of partial autocorrelations at a certain lag is random, and uses random field theory to account for the spatial correlations typical for fMRI data.
On the other hand, if either PACF or ACF cuts off at a certain lag, then the cutting lag is assigned as the value of p or q, respectively.
For this, each unit ('neuron') becomes active (i.e., assumes the value 1) at a certain lag after the stimulus has been presented, so that every timestep after the stimulus onset is consistently represented by the firing of one unit.
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In addition, we detect multiple competing causality paths in which one can have inflation leading GDP with a certain lag time and GDP feeding back/leading inflation with another lag time.
When the heterologies are placed at the third or at the middle of the ODN45, we observe "metastable states": those "metastable states" are characterized by a long and quasi irreversible plateau showing that during a certain lag time, only a part of the two DNA molecules is correctly paired (see Fig. 8b and 8c).
In relation to USA and some European countries, there is a certain lag period present [ 49, 50].
Indeed, we expect that there will be a certain lag between the time legislation is passed and its implementation.
Because the death on a given day not only is a function of the same-day exposures to a pollutant but also is affected by exposures during a certain lag period (a few days), we used a distributed lag model.
For example, when PACF exceed the limit of CI at certain lag, autoregressive term at that lag needs to be modelled.
However, ORs for associations of same-day average PM2.5 with wheeze, shortness of breath, and use of medication for asthma were > 1.0, and associations of 3- to 5-day average PM2.5 with wheeze were positive and significant, suggesting that at certain lags PM2.5 exposure may increase risk of respiratory symptoms.
Thus, the distributed lag effect at a certain day of the heat wave does not estimate the effects relating to persistent heat stress.
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