First, the mechanical properties of the composite were determined experimentally using the ASTM testing standards.
The test results are also used for assessing the newly developed American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test standard, E2760-10 for creep fatigue testing.
Unfortunately, current ASTM testing standards used to determine these properties were designed prior to the advent of bioresorbable materials for cages.
Some current ASTM testing standards, notably those on erosion testing, account for the non-linear behavior of wear, but others, such as tests for sliding wear, usually do not.
Most documents related to standards, testing, or approval of reinforced plastics refer to a wide range of ASTM testing procedures, which are often used in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific area, as well as in North and South America.
Specimens were prepared as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) test standards for tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength, impact strength, and hardness tests.
The detailed theory based upon rigid body kinematics and the derived equations can be found in the aforementioned sources (Guinea et al. 1994; Planas et al. 1999; Bažant and Planas 1998; Elices et al. 2002; RILEM 2007) and the draft ASTM test standard for the fracture toughness testing of concrete (ACI 446 2009).
According to the ASTM testing standard [ 19], the shear strength and the material constant of the polyurethane foam used in this study were experimentally evaluated and have the value of 290 MPa and 0.84, respectively.
