To ensure dependability of the data, an additional researcher (K.B).
Dependability was assured by: (1) using the same semi-structured interview guide with each IDI and FGD although they were allowed to be flexible; (2) providing similar conditions with each group of participants; (3) preparing transcripts promptly; and (4) using direct quotes (the English translations of Chichewa quotes) when presenting findings.
Confirmability and dependability were assured through checking and coordination with the literature, study groups, data analysis memos, and regular research group meetings, assuring objectivity and neutrality.
The first section develops ideas as to how the necessary knowledge and understanding can be acquired, and how, importantly, its quality or dependability can be assured and maintained.
To assure the credibility, transferability and dependability of the research, we adopted a combination of Creswell and Miller's procedures and Maxwell's 'checklist of validity' [ 49].
The qualitative analyses will adhere to the quality criteria outlined by Lincoln and Guba 84 to assure trustworthiness and rigour, that is, credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability.
We addressed dependability by developing clear protocols to assure data collectors used comparable procedures; creating and refining a code book for consistency across data analyzers; and employing weekly coding checks to assess level of agreement and all disagreements were resolved through discussion and the code book updated.
We apply Linear Error Correction LECcodeode to a novel encoding scheme to assure two fundamental requirements for transmission channels and storage units: security and dependability.
The dependability of the menu seems to have drawn a number of regulars, even while the restaurant has maintained its opening buzz, attracting equal measures of Wall Street foodies, sleek young women ("I normally only order salads," one nervously assured her date when a dish of octopus arrived), and the self-consciously dishevelled.
