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At a Guardian debate last week about the NHS, Lamb described Stevens' promise of £22bn NHS efficiency gains as an "heroic assumption", meaning that the health service could end up needing more than the extra £8bn.
An important part of this prediction is an independence assumption, meaning that for the same index value of a row or column, the correct selection probabilities are the same.
In many constraint-based methods, a selected set of reactions is optimized to meet a specified objective (e.g., maximizing the yield of a valuable compound) under the steady state assumption, meaning that there is no net increase or decrease of metabolites within the studied system.
The first term on the right-hand side reflects the standard MI assumption, meaning that the largest value among f determines the probability to be annotated with the corresponding term.
This 'selection-based' approach explores the robustness of inference under local departures from the MAR assumption, meaning that the sensitivity to departure from the MAR assumption can be calculated from the observed data without estimating a full non-ignorable model [ 21].
Large values of the generalized score test indicate substantial deviation from the common exposure effect assumption, meaning that at least one of the cognitive tests differs significantly from the others in its association with lead and suggesting reconsideration of the individual cognitive tests included in the model.
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However, Wilson et al. (2017) pointed out that whether the SNWD project is economically beneficial depends largely on model assumptions, meaning that economic gains at the regional and national level are uncertain.
This model relaxes assumption 8, meaning that many locations across the cortical sheet do not participate in the patch system.
In the case of ME normativity, the arguments may be more or less direct, depending on more or less substantial assumptions about meaning.
Each model met the assumption of multicollinearity, meaning each of the regressors was independent from each other.
The noise term can be purely additive or set by a particular function Σ ( v, W ) as long as it satisfies Assumption 2.2(i), meaning that it must be uniformly non-degenerate.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com