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ρ can be assumed less than 1 to avoid the singularity.
The values of L/D ratio and a/d ratio are assumed less than 2 to fit the beam in deep beam category.
Since the data rate requirement of each user may not be supported under fading channel with imperfect CDI, to guarantee the QoS, a constraint on outage probability is considered, which is assumed less than a target value.
However, this figure also indicates that, at 60 min of heating, punching strength will be less than shear demand if the depth of concrete in compression at the incline crack is assumed less than 70%% of slab thickness (h c < 0.7 h).
For example, we assumed less than a fully multiplicative model when considering multiple drugs in the same patient, and variation in our assumptions resulted in similar conclusions.
While the recovery rate can be assumed less than optimal with 1 μL/min, the decision on the flow rate was made based on the need for short (10-minute) collection time per sample and to standardized sample collection intra- and inter-individually.
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2. Be Realistic - Assume Less Than Half Is Yours.
More than 90%% of all reports were covered by a filter that requires at least 800 non-whitespace characters and assumes less than 5 list elements.
This range of score differences assumes less than half of the score improvement associated with HAART over one year of treatment in the Ugandan study (mean difference=+14.2 points on the same mental health summary score) [ 19].
Furthermore, it is thought that this selection bias is more serious for non-union workers, since their employment is assumed less protected than that of unionized workers.
Hybrid holders assume less risk than equity investors, but often there may be nothing to recover if the venture fails.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com