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[ 38- 40] Violation of the exchangeability principle increases the likelihood that positive associations may be biased due to confounding factors and, in addition to the small sample sizes used in many studies, makes negative associations difficult to interpret.
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The numbers of adenoma in the rectum are small which may make these associations more difficult to interpret.
This association is difficult to interpret because although the NS2 protease function has been shown to be essential for assembly and production of infection virus [24] [26]; there is no evidence for a direct role in modulation of the immune system.
The absence of statistically significant associations is hence difficult to interpret, although unadjusted analysis showed positive associations between IMD in children related to older smokers in Sweden and the Netherlands.
Although our finding that an increased inflammatory gene expression is more likely to be a state than a trait phenomenon, the causality and time sequence of these associations are still difficult to interpret.
Given the differing methodologies and therefore differing biases due to potential inclusion of false positive cases or selection of more severe cases, other reported associations are very difficult to interpret.
However, this association is particularly difficult to interpret, because patients who require IHT have been shown to be more serious and to have a longer ICU and hospital length of stay, which are well-known risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia [27, 28].
This method attempts to quantify the biases and their uncertainty, independently of the results, rather than to ignore them and produce a pooled association which is difficult to interpret.
However, this association is particularly difficult to interpret, because patients who require IHT have been shown to be more serious and to have a longer ICU and hospital length of stay, which are well-known risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia [ 27, 28].
The observed associations between altered semen quality and 1N are consistent with previous studies of carbaryl exposure, although suggestive associations with TCPY are difficult to interpret because human and animal data are currently limited.
In addition, associations between birth weight and cardiovascular disease or its risk factors may only be evident in adulthood or may amplify with age, making associations observed in childhood difficult to interpret.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com