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A vote counting approach dissects the associations (i.e. positive, negative, and weak) between the various factors and export barriers.
Preliminary associations (i.e., without adjusting for other variables) between non-modifiable risk factors and the risks of re-arrest are summarized in Table 2.
We defined a relatively permissive threshold for factor loadings because we expected a large amount of random associations (i.e. concurrent comorbidity) between the diagnosis groups.
Several survival analysis methods were used to identify relevant associations: (i) a Cox-step method [ 29], (ii) a differential analysis between the first and the fourth quartile, (iii) a classical Cox analysis.
Correlation analyses were used to test for the following associations: (i) population-mean growth rate between the three experimental temperatures, (ii) population-mean growth rate at each temperature and climatic conditions at collection sites, (iii) estimates of genetic variation and population-mean growth rate, and (iv) plasticity estimates and population-mean growth rate.
Current studies mainly report associations, i.e. undirected connections among variables without causal interpretation.
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This PC-SAFT model is able to account for induced-association i.e. the hydrogen bonding between water and polymers that have no self-association.
NGGL was the only one that added customers and business association (i.e. Ghana Chamber of Mines) to this category.
It then discusses the criteria supporting the causal nature of an association (i.e., how can one tell when an association is causal?).
Therefore, we can tentatively reject a uniformly negative association, i.e. that only low quality is costly, as suggested by [10], as such an association is only established for a minority of departments.
Eight studies have reported the reverse association, i.e., that psychological distress predicted worse outcome [ 14- 21].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com