Some inter-cluster parameters are usually location related, e.g., the severe path loss in cluster amplitude; some are random variables, e.g., reflection loss, which is typically modeled as a truncated log-normal random variable with mean and variance associated with the reflection order [12], if linear polarization is assumed for each antenna.
Equations (8) and (9) relate the visibility and phase { B, θ} associated with the reflection from the unknown object to the measured visibility and phase { m, γ} and { A, ϕ} associated with the reflection from the coverslip-buffer interface.
Because the inverse method reconstructs the visibility and phase associated with the reflection from the sample, the "sample-free" regions are shown as black.
(8) and (9) may be combined with a measurement of { m, γ} in order to determine the value of the visibility and phase, { B, θ}, associated with the reflection from the sample.
Once the scan position has been translated to the "sample" region, however, we wish to determine the parameters { B, θ} which are associated with the reflection from the sample.
As an alternative to the forward problem, it is possible to formulate the inverse problem: given measurements of the visibility and phase { m, γ}, find the unknowns { B, θ} associated with the reflection from the sample.
Signal amplitudes of point-source anomalies are substantially higher than those associated with the reflections from continuous subsurface features (water table, sedimentary layers).
> For the students, reflection was mainly associated with the reflective portfolio and their portfolio mentor rather than with their clinical training.
The Cherednik operators T j, j = 1, …, d, on R d associated with the finite reflection group W and multiplicity function k are given by T j f ( x ) = ∂ ∂ x j f ( x ) + ∑ α ∈ R + k α j 1 − e − 〈 α, x 〉 { f ( x ) − f ( r α x ) } − ρ j f ( x ).
The systematic reflection conditions associated with the main and satellite reflections demonstrate that the Bravais class of the Z2 phase is PCmmm111 type in a (3+1) dimensional space for the incommensurate modulated structure.
In contrast with the invariant q z spacing of the meridional reflections across the GIXD patterns in Figure 2, we observe differences in the q xy spacing associated with the off-meridian reflections in the GIXD patterns of the annealed thin films.
