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However, Pielke's research does not account for the costs and avoided damages associated with mitigation efforts, for example improved building codes and hurricane path forecasting.
In low risk situations those practices may demand less sophisticated evaluations and techniques: when the costs associated with mitigation actions, e.g., evacuation of the population at risk, are low, sophisticated analyses are not required since actions can be carried out at low cost following little warning.
Furthermore, gender was associated with mitigation (OR = 1.885, p < 0.001), with women being 1.88 times more likely to take voluntary mitigation actions.
Future research might use measures of perceptions of more global, collective risks in addition to local, individual risks to further test variations in scale associated with mitigation.
It is interesting that five of the seven subjects with asthma were using inhaled corticosteroids, which has been associated with mitigation of eNO in air pollution studies (Koenig et al. 2003) and clinical settings (Deykin et al. 1998).
As expected from the logistic regression results cues to action were positively associated with having an emergency kit and an emergency plan, whereas gender was positively associated with mitigation and negatively with both autonomous adaptation actions.
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Using the possibility theory of fuzzy logic, this paper provides a way to determine the surplus between the amount of risk mitigated and the costs of the activities associated with such mitigation.
It is expected that through this initiative, smallholder cacao farmers in Ghana can qualify and earn additional income through the REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) mechanism and related incentive packages associated with carbon mitigation programmes.
Benefits for smallholders are generally associated with the mitigation of market risks and the prevention of market failures, such as access to credit, new markets, innovative technologies, and technical services (Grosh 1994; Key and Runsten 1999).
Please note that a response plan's RORI is not a linear combination of individual RORI scores associated with individual mitigation actions, but that an RFIA evaluation is performed for every response plan of all 797 response plans yielding an individual RORI score for every one of them.
The short-term public health changes associated with GHG mitigation strategies should be considered as a key factor in the choice of GHG policies.
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