The general approach used in this study was as follows: first, we assessed a quantitative relationship between the end point of interest and measured serum lipid-adjusted TEQ concentrations, and then we estimated a dose associated with a consistent benchmark response level across studies.
We also used BMDs to illustrate comparisons across chemicals because they reflect central estimates of the dose associated with a standardized level of benchmark response based only on the mathematical representation of the response (continuous or dichotomous).
The current standard NTP bioassay provides sufficient data to estimate a benchmark dose associated with a specified low tumor incidence to be used as a point-of-departure for cancer risk assessments.
For example, Luebker et al. (2005b) estimated a BMDL5 (lower bound of the benchmark dose associated with a 5% change in response) for PFOS and birth weight in rats of 0.39 mg/kg/day, equivalent to a rat fetal serum concentration of about 34,000 ng/mL.
When baseline patient characteristics where considered in the analysis, allocation to the benchmarking group was associated with a 91% higher chance of achieving the SBP target at 12 months (P < 0.001).
When baseline patient characteristics where considered in the analysis, allocation to the benchmarking group was associated with a 22.8% higher chance of achieving the LDL cholesterol target at 12 months.
The benchmark concentration is the concentration associated with a small but measurable biological response in this case, at most a 10% increase in micronucleation compared with nonexposed animals.
Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling, a process of fitting a model to dose response data, estimates a POD that is associated with a predefined level of biological response [i.e., the benchmark response (BMR)] (Crump 1984).
Background: Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling computes the dose associated with a prespecified response level.
Supplementary Table S1 summarizes the number of GO terms annotated to phenotypes and randomly selected proteins in benchmark set 1. Genomic loci found to be associated with a disease may contain up to several hundred candidate genes.
