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This locus was the most strongly associated spine BMD locus in our previous European studies, represented by T-rs9594738 [10] [10] and T- rs9533090 [12].
Similarly, LTD and associated spine shrinkage are inhibited by activation of calcineurin (Zhou et al., 2004).
Long-lasting synaptic plasticity and associated spine structural plasticity share pharmacological properties, which we will compare for individual signalling molecules.
Chiropractors as well as other clinicians can facilitate a path to good recovery for MTBI patients through early education and positive reassurance as well as by providing treatments aimed at reducing associated spine and headache-related pain.
While the use of imaging technology to measure LTP/LTD and associated spine structural plasticity is barely a decade old, it has provided new insights into the signalling mechanisms coupling Ca2+ to the structure and function of dendritic spines.
FXS has been characterized as a synaptopathy as defined by abnormalities in spine number, dynamics and morphology as well as dysregulated group 1 mGluR signalling (16), although associated spine density and morphology phenotypes are complex and depend on the age and cell-type being examined (17).
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We tested this hypothesis by blocking glutamate uptake and measuring NMDAR contribution into the bAP-evoked Ca2+ entry in dendritic shaft and associated spines.
For example, both marine nine- and three-spined sticklebacks have a complete pelvis, but several different freshwater populations in both species have undergone a genetically based reduction - or even total loss - of the pelvic girdle and associated spines [ 16– 16].
Among the injury and healthcare characteristics (Table 4), those with lower extremity injuries had a high prevalence of mobility problems; pain or discomfort was more likely to be associated with spine and back injuries and injuries to multiple regions.
Alternatively, assuming that LTP is associated with spine enlargement, one could search for spines enlarged in response to synaptic stimulation (Kopec et al., 2006; Harvey and Svoboda, 2007; Yang et al., 2008).
The regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is important for spine morphology: actin polymerization and depolymerization are associated with spine enlargement and shrinkage during LTP and LTD respectively (Fukazawa et al., 2003; Okamoto et al., 2004).
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