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(2009; see their Figure S1B) surveyed SI participants before and immediately after the SI and 1 yr later about the participants' levels of skill and knowledge of scientific teaching, active-learning assessment, learning goals, and diversity.
By using continuous assessment, learning becomes more gradual.
Testing of multiplayer modes involves something more sociological than purely technical assessment: learning what tendencies a given environment fosters.
Also, a checklist of speaking features is not the whole story in assessment, learning and teaching.
Carr in particular has been a leader in this regard, developing an approach to assessment, learning stories (Carr, 2001), that is consistent with the philosophy of Te Whariki.
The focus of washback research has shifted over the past few years from an emphasis on high-stakes international English language testing preparation courses (e.g., Alderson and Hamp-Lyons 1996; Green 2006; Read and Hayes 2003) to attention to test stakeholders' perspectives, particularly those regarding assessment, learning, and teaching in school (e.g., Cheng et al. 2011; Chou 2015).
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A recent quantitative study proposed a framework for the factors impacting on students' pre-assessment learning [ 18].
A distinction is drawn between pre-, pure and post-assessment learning effects that respectively impact learning before (e.g., study behaviour), during (e.g., portfolios, testing effect) and after (e.g., feedback) assessment.
Critics state that assessment stimulates learning for assessment rather than learning per se, or that assessment drives surface rather than deep learning [ 3].
This is consistent with the conceptual shift from assessment of learning to assessment for learning [ 25], and further still to assessment as learning.
As part of the worldwide movement to combine assessment of learning with assessment for learning, in order to promote student learning, the Chinese Ministry of Education developed the College English Curriculum Requirements CECRR) (CMoE 2004 20077) to introduce this balanced assessment concept.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com