Three particular arguments support that approach: (i) when taken with the word "assessment" in OP4, the language of OP12 indicates that the Council will be assessing the seriousness of any Iraqi breach; this is especially powerful if in truth some assessment is necessary; (ii) there is a special significance in the words "in order to secure international peace and security".
In addition to centralization, harmonization across languages is beneficial for using the BelRAI portfolio in bilingual regions, so colleagues within the same hospital can complete a shared assessment in the preferred language.
Patients could be taught the assessment in their native language at first assessment, and assessed by the hand method afterwards by non-native speakers.
Principal component analysis was the most common factor extraction technique in the language assessment literature (Ockey, 2014).
Principal component analysis was employed to extract the factors primarily because this method was used in the original validation processes for both instruments, and is also widely used in the language assessment literature (Ockey 2014).
Both curricula in China and Singapore stress on the importance and practice of formative and summative assessment in Chinese language teaching.
Research of computer-mediated language assessment in the past largely focused on establishing score equivalence, rather than construct equivalence (McDonald 2002).
Messick's view of validity, according to McNamara (2001), emphasizes "the social and socially constructed nature of assessment" (p. 334) and is therefore highly relevant to English language assessment in the Chinese context.
Bonk and Ockey (2003) used Rasch measurement in their study of a group oral assessment in English language at a Japanese university, in which groups of three or four students were assessed in conversation.
Such sociolinguistic frameworks are ideally suited to the language performance assessment of service encounters where success in the language exchange entails much more than demonstrating a baseline proficiency of spoken grammar and pronunciation ability.
