It has been difficult to assess, for instance, how far the flooding has set back reconstruction efforts in the Swat Valley.
The performance of hydrological models can be assessed for instance by calculating the Nash Sutcliffe efficiency criterion (ENS).
Assessing the latter requires additional methods such as direct observations, automated recording systems or video recordings in order to assess for instance time spent feeding and switching frequency between the different experimental feeds.
Human raters assessed, for instance, the quality of arguments (category 3.1; Table 1) but many level-one-items were scored automatically on the basis of log-files, for instance whether relevant documents were found (category 1.2) and many of the calculations in the spreadsheet (category 2.1).
This model seems relevant to take into consideration the natural variability of processes governing the microbial behaviour in foods and is an effective approach to assess, for instance, the probability to exceed a critical threshold during the storage of foods like the limit of 100 CFU/g in the case of L. monocytogenes.
However, the potential for unmeasured or residual confounding remained, as in all observational studies, and infants' cadmium exposure was not directly assessed (for instance, by measuring cadmium levels in cord blood).
Specific psychometric study design features are therefore essential to establish and assess, for instance, controls that are put in place for systematic bias, non-systematic bias and inferential error.
Hyperplasias showed little differentiation as assessed, for instance, by exclusion of neuronal Prox1, neuroblast NeuroD1 staining in dorsal thalamus (Supplementary Figure 3D), or astrocytic GFAP expression in cerebellum (not shown).
In the course of their visits, the supervisory teams assess, for instance, whether health providers adhere to the national malaria guidelines and the IMCI guidelines in their day-to-day case management.
