Therefore, future research should focus on outcome measures which additionally assess activity limitations and participation restrictions.
Measures that assess (instrumental) activities of daily life functioning [(I -ADL] can be used to assess actI -ADL]imitations.
Measures with the same logic and response sets can be valid and reliable when used to assess activity limitations in a child or an older person.
The WHODAS II is a 36-item instrument developed to assess activity limitations and participation restrictions in six domains (understanding and communicating, getting around, self-care, getting along with people, life activities, and participation in society).
The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) [ 16] and Oxford Shoulder Score [ 17] questionnaires partly assess activity limitations, but also include items related to pain/sensation and psychological factors.
The Health Assessment Questionnaire HAQQ) [ 46], includes 20 items to assess activity limitation in 8 dimensions of activities of daily living: dressing and grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and common daily activities.
Wang et al assessed activity limitation due to fear of falling in patients with AMD, Fuchs, and glaucoma using a single dichotomous question, and found all three groups to be at increased risk for reporting activity limitation due to fear of falling compared to controls [ 16].
The WHODAS 2.0 questionnaire is designed to assess the activity limitations and participation restrictions experienced by an individual irrespective of medical diagnosis.
