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Demographic, psychological, personality, and psychosocial risk factors were assessed using validated questionnaires and structured interviews.
Symptom severity, diary, standardized anorectal manometry and health-related quality of life outcomes are assessed using validated instruments administered by researchers masked to randomized interventions.
Anatomic, functional, and health-related quality of life outcomes will be assessed using validated measures by researchers blinded to all randomization assignments.
Personality traits were assessed using validated questionnaires: the Self-Esteem Scale of Rosenberg (SES), the HEXACO personality inventory for empathy (HEXACO), the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) and the Büssing Altruism Scale (BAS).
To learn in a self-directed manner, it is necessary to develop an awareness of one's ability to self-learn and then to implement appropriate and effective strategies; progress must be assessed using validated measurement tools.
We included randomized controlled trials and cohort studies that evaluated the effect of LCS with LDCT on psychological burden and health-related quality of life assessed using validated and nonvalidated measures.
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Study quality will be assessed using a validated quality assessment tool.
(ii) Footwear advice and provision: participants' outdoor footwear was assessed using a validated footwear assessment form [ 21].
The quality of studies was assessed using a validated quality assessment tool for cross-sectional studies [ 30].
Migraine severity was assessed using the validated Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) tool [18].
SAP levels were assessed using a validated ELISA method, non-discriminating between endogenous and exogenous SAP.
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