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Cadmium exposure was assessed using urinary cadmium concentration, which is an indicator of body burden/cumulative cadmium exposure (Lauwerys et al. 1994).
Smoking cessation at delivery and 6 months postpartum, assessed using salivary cotinine; gaming assessed using urinary and salivary cotinine at enrolment, 28 and 36 weeks gestation, and 2 days and 6 months postpartum.
To allow for the possibility that proteinuria had been assessed using urinary protein to creatinine ratio (uPCR) rather than uACR, we also identified those tested for uPCR between 01/01/2007-16/05/2013 and conducted sensitivity analyses of the Cox regression models with 'uACR OR uPCR within a year' as the outcome of interest.
Nonoccupational Cd exposure, assessed using urinary Cd (U-Cd) levels from a single sample, has been associated with kidney disease (Järup and Åkesson 2009; Suwazono et al. 2006), cardiovascular disease (Peters et al. 2010), dental caries (Arora et al. 2008), decreases in bone mineral density (Satarug and Moore 2004), and increased mortality (Menke et al. 2009; Nawrot et al. 2008).
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With regard to the severity of UI, only 26.9% of patients had mild urinary incontinence and the majority (73.1%) had moderate to severe incontinence when assessed using the urinary incontinence severity scale.
Exposure was assessed using concurrent urinary levels of the pyrethroid metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA).
Retinopathy was assessed biannually using digital retinal photography, and nephropathy was annually assessed using a urinary microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Adverse side effects specific to prostate cancer treatments will be assessed using the urinary function, bowel habits and hormonal function scales of the EPIC [ 42].
Mercury exposure was assessed using a) urinary mercury concentration (UHg); b) the total number of amalgam surfaces; and c) the number of occlusal amalgam surfaces.
Another area of concern in our study is that the patients were not diagnosed by urodynamics, and the type of incontinence was assessed using a urinary symptoms questionnaire.
Completeness was assessed using 24 hour urinary creatinine excretion.
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