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Risk of bias in included trials was assessed using the relevant Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Violence was assessed using the relevant section from the Californian Perinatal Assessment[ 11, 12].
Pain and stiffness will be assessed using the relevant subscales of the WOMAC [ 25].
The quality of included studies was assessed using the relevant CASP appraisal tools.
Sports and recreation function, symptoms and knee-related quality-of-life will be assessed using the relevant dimensions of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) [ 26].
Study quality was assessed using the relevant tools from Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) or the STROBE document as appropriate to the study type [ 19].
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Personality traits were assessed using the Health-relevant Personality traits from a five factor perspective - HP5 inventory [ 46], the Performance-based self-esteem scale [ 47], and Bandura's academic efficacy scales [ 48].
Perceptions of the walking and cycling environment in the local neighbourhood (defined as the area within a 10 15 min walk from home) were assessed using the 13 most relevant items adapted from the ALPHA European environmental questionnaire 34 35 and rated on a 5-point Likert scale (from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree').
Instead, it was assumed that markers are assessed using the optimal assay, according to the relevant standards discussed in the following sections on methodological and technical considerations and the selection and prioritisation of markers.
The methodological quality of all relevant studies was assessed using the STROBE checklist which is accepted as international standard for reporting of observational research [22].
All potentially relevant studies were assessed using the CPW definition [ 5] and EPOC review inclusion criteria for acceptable study designs [ 4].
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