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The mean TRF length was assessed using the formula TRF = Σ (OD)/Σ (OD/L) as described elsewhere (Roche Diagnostic, Australia).
Relative quantification was assessed using the formula 2-ΔCT.
Population doublings were assessed using the formula: (number of cells collected/number of cells seeded)/log 2. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
Weight gain velocity was assessed using the formula: [1000xln (Wn/W1)]/(Dn-D1), in which W = weight in grams; D = day; 1 = beginning of the time interval n = the end of the time interval [ 16].
Spheroid growth fold increase was assessed using the formula (t− t0)/(c− t0); ' t'=spheroid volume after 6 days of exposure to test drug, ' t0'=spheroid volume at time 0 and ' c'=control spheroid volume after 6 days.
The phenotypic differentiation coefficient (VST) was assessed using the formula V ST = (o ´ t / s 2 ) / (o ´ t / s 2 + o ´ t 2 ), where o ´ t / s 2 is the percentage of variance between populations and o ´ t 2 is the percentage of variance within populations.
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The average diameter, dmean, of the primary particles was assessed using the following formula [15]: <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0017759.e001.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> where SBET is the specific surface area of the powder.
21 22 NNT was assessed using the following formula: NNT = 1/(response in active treatment – response in placebo group).
The dose of iron needed may be assessed using the following formula: iron deficit = body weight (kg ) × (target Hb − actual Hb ) × 2.4.
Number needed to treat (NNT) was assessed using the following formula: NNT = 1/(response in active treatment − response in placebo group) [ 20].
19, 25, 26 In this study, the internal consistency reliability of the Caregiving Activities Scale, assessed using the Kuder Richardson Formula 20, ranged from 0.60 to 0.90.
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