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The mixed-layer properties were assessed using atomic force microscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy.
The micronutrients namely zinc, copper, iron and manganese were assessed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Jackson 1973) method.
The surface morphology was assessed using atomic force microscopy while the changes taking place after cross-linking were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Ultra- and micro-structural characteristics were assessed using atomic force microscopy and polarised light microscopy respectively.
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All of the samples were assessed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
All of the samples were assessed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian Spectra AA 200, GTA-100, Australia).
The structure, morphology and hardness were assessed using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation, respectively.
Cd content of the samples was assessed using a graphite furnace and atomic absorption spectroscopy in the chemical laboratory of the Iranian Center for Advanced Mineral Processing Research.
The models were assessed using Z-DOPE, a normalized atomic distance-dependent statistical potential based on known protein structures.
Cognitive functioning, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), serum trace elements – Fe, Cu, Zn, Zn/Cu, and GADAs were assessed using LOTCA battery, pre-validated physical activity (PA) questionnaire, atomic absorption, and immunoassay techniques, respectively.
Plasma albumin was determined using a colorimetric kit; plasma selenium levels were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; and plasma pre-albumin and CRP levels were assessed using turbimetric assays.
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