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30 studies (47%) assessed empathy immediately following the intervention.
58 (91%) of the 64 studies assessed empathy both pre- and post-intervention.
Four assessed empathy using more than one type of outcome measure.
We identified 64 studies [ 42– 105] that quantitatively assessed empathy interventions in our specified population (see Additional file 2).
Of these studies, seven (11%) assessed empathy 1 4 weeks post-intervention, ten (15%) assessed empathy 1 6 months post-intervention, three evaluated 12 months post-intervention, one study assessed after 3 years, and one study assessed empathy between four and 21 years post-intervention.
Six studies assessed empathy based on medical students' or residents' written responses to hypothetical patient scenarios, and two studies used tests requiring decoding of emotional facial expressions.
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Outcome assessment time frames, and particularly the high prevalence of studies only assessing empathy immediately following the intervention, should also be highlighted as a weakness of the current literature.
While emotion recognition impairments in HD patients are well established, there are no experimental designs assessing empathy in this population.
Another important source of support for the link between empathy and helping behavior is a meta-analysis of a large body of experimental literature by Eisenberg and Miller (1987) which found positive correlations between empathy and prosocial behavior in studies using a variety of techniques to assess empathy.
Following the TMS experiment, a questionnaire assessing empathy was administered to all participants.
Participants were also required to complete the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; [51]) and the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES; [52]), two of the most frequently used questionnaires to assess empathy.
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