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The younger group, 27 children aged between 4 and 9, were assessed indirectly, by means of parent assessment, while the other children were assessed directly using a self-report questionnaire and a semi-structured interview.
For the first objective, all of the farms (n = 23) that used this system for more than 3 years were assessed directly using a questionnaire.
TLS formation was assessed directly using time-lapse imaging.
However, abnormalities in CatSper current can only be assessed directly using electrophysiology.
Notch1 activity was assessed directly using ELISAs for Notch1IC while MRP1 expression was assessed using qPCR (Fig. 4).
As an indicator of wear, linear femoral head penetration was assessed directly using a calibrated digital micrometer (accuracy, 0.001 mm).
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Pain and exertion experienced during performance were assessed directly following each test using a 10-cm horizontal visual analogue scale (VAS) and Borg's modified scale [ 27], respectively.
Second, lifetime occupational exposures to dusts, gases and fumes was assessed directly by self-report using items from the standardised ATS questionnaire [ 14].
COX-2 activity was assessed directly by the use of a commercial COX activity assay kit (Cayman Chemical), allowing measurement of total COX activity and of the relative contribution of the two isoforms (COX-1 and -2) when using the selective COX-1 inhibitor SC-560.
The effects of maintenance strategies on the cumulative density function of the structural seismic damage and spalling probability of concrete cover are assessed directly instead of reanalyzing deterioration using the finite difference method, while considering the modified structural state created by implementation of the maintenance strategies.
The graft density was found to be in accordance with the density of the accessible amine groups and could therefore be assessed directly after the initial silanization step using UV Vis spectrometry.
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