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The minimum formant dispersion (Dfmin) is constrained by the length of the vocal tract and is used by red deer males to assess competitors, and by females to choose their mates [18], [38], [48].
Because fallow buck groans appear to be the product of strong sexual selection for low f o, low formant dispersion, long duration and high groaning rate [ 4, 5, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38], we experimentally investigated whether bucks use acoustic cues to dominance, size and condition to assess competitors.
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He says he is savvier about assessing competitors and "focusing on customers' needs".
Still, by augmenting its existing charts for Facebook and Twitter, ZoomSphere could become a comprehensive resource for brands charting their own performance, assessing competitors, or scoping for potential partners.
We experimentally examined the ability of bucks to utilise putative cues to dominance (f o ), body size (formant frequencies) and condition (groan duration), when assessing competitors.
"I thrive in this environment where I can assess my competitors through the rounds.
In addition, it is also advantageous to identify the location of the sender to assess the competitor's threat since a remote rival is less dangerous than a near one [17].
"I think we will want to propose, to both the BBC Trust and to the foreign secretary, that some services should close – not just simply because of the spending settlement but it is something we need to assess because of competitors and because of impact with our audiences," he added.
The flat $50,000 fee charged by Neinas is less than many competitors assess in the consulting and search firm business.
Animals use honest signals to assess the quality of competitors during aggressive interactions.
Bacteria have evolved various sophisticated cell-cell communication systems which enable them to assess presence of potential competitors or mating partners.
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