NAG assays were performed using a kit from Sigma-Aldrich (CS0780) following the manufacturer's instructions.
Immunoprecipitation assays were performed using a Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assay Kit (Millipore) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Open-field locomotion assays were performed using a Panasonic WV-CP504 camera with Ethovision XT-9 software (Noldus, Leesburg, VA).
ChIP assays were performed using a SimpleChIP Plus Enzymatic Chromatin IP kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.).
The kinase functional assays were performed using a combination of kinase and 1.5 μM peptide substrate in the presence of ATP.
All biochemical assays were performed using a clinical automatic chemistry analyzer (Type 7170A, Hitachi, Japan).
TUNEL assays were performed using a colorimetric TUNEL apoptosis assay kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Beyotime).
Viability assays were performed using a 96-well pate format.
Ca++ flux assays were performed using a FLIPRTETRA.
Cell proliferation assays were performed using a colorimetric method based on crystal violet staining [130].
TaqMan gene expression assays were performed using a FAM-labeled MGB probe.
