The inclusion of aspiration and capabilities to the study of immigrant integration provides a coherent framework to systematise assumptions about the integration process, and reveals two rationales of integration policy intervention.
Second, the agency of immigrants is conceptualized as aspirations and capabilities.
We can see migration as a function of people's aspirations and capabilities to migrate (De Haas, 2011; 2011).
If this conceptual distinction is ignored or incentives and opportunities are taken as the same thing, we risk to reproduce the normativity trap and to miss the complex interaction of aspirations and capabilities.
Once established that integration outcomes are a complex interaction of aspirations and capabilities and that integration policy effectiveness depends on a complex interaction of incentives and opportunities, we can start building up systematic knowledge of how they interact.
The crux is that when 'development' occurs in poor and marginal countries and areas, aspirations and capabilities to migrate tend to increase simultaneously, explaining the paradoxical phenomenon of development driven emigration booms.
While a broad range of individual and contextual determinants of aspirations and capabilities exist that could be situated in an institutionalist framework, the remainder of this article will focus on how integration policy interventions are assumed to influence the complex interaction between capabilities and aspirations.
Undertake curriculum review that goes beyond mere reorganization of the old subject content to include a rigorous realignment of the curriculum to match new learners‟ aspirations and capabilities, and the challenges of changing climate, with increasing needs for generic, transferable/portable knowledge, skills and abstract thinking capabilities.
Roughly, two types of theoretical discussions have tried to address the dynamics of (return) migration: the duality between structure and agency on the one hand, and the links between desires, or aspirations, and capacity, abilities and capabilities on the other.
China's first atomic explosion (Oct . 16 , 1964affected the debate by appearing to support Mao's contention that domestic revolutionization would in no way jeopardize long-term power aspirations and defense capabilities.
