In this study, different ground-penetrating radar (GPR) methods and techniques were used to non-destructively investigate the clay content in sub-asphalt compacted soils.
It is an urban farm reclaimed from an old asphalt playground, with soil piled high.
Nevertheless, as the soil, asphalt and concrete is removed overall radiation levels should fall.
Tests were performed on four surfaces: asphalt road; rough dirt track; and agricultural silty clay loam soil (bare soil and soil with stubble present).
Furthermore, physical nonlinearity may possibly be presented in asphalt surface layer and soil subgrade using nonlinear constitutive models involving viscoelasticity-viscoplasticity.
The overall offset deviation (error) on a longitudinal path from the desired path was ±26 mm m−1 and ±27.4 mm m−1, on soil and asphalt surfaces, respectively.
The dataset comprises a total of 147 features and land covers of 9 different areas involving trees, grass, soil, concrete, asphalt, buildings, cars, pools and shadows.
This research revealed that more energy was conducted into the soil below asphalt and concrete, and that a greater portion of incoming radiation was prevented from entering the soil below pine bark and lava rock mulches than below other surfaces.
The dynamic responses of the vehicle pavement system with the asphalt pavement on soft soil foundation are investigated via the numerical examples.
