For example, the vague nature of the term "acute," wide intraobserver variation in ascertaining "bilateral radiographic infiltrates," 5 and sensitivity of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio criteria to small changes in positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 6 led to the recent revisiting of the AECC definition and drafting of the Berlin definition of ARDS 7 (Table 1).
The secondary objective was to ascertain the radiographic sensitivity and specificity for MCD compared with CT.
The arcOGEN GWAS was carried out in two stages and includes a total of 7567 osteoarthritis cases from the UK (ascertained by radiographic evidence of disease, Kellgren Lawrence score ≥2, or clinical evidence of the disease to a level requiring total joint replacement) genotyped on the Illumina HumanHap 610-Quad panel.
The stage 1 genome-wide association scan included 3177 knee and/or hip osteoarthritis cases from the UK ascertained based on radiographic evidence of disease (Kellgren Lawrence grade ≥2) 6 or clinical evidence of disease to a level requiring joint replacement.
Nevertheless, since our study relies on self-report, replication in a cohort ascertained for radiographic osteoarthritis and symptoms is needed.
Inclusion criteria included age ≥ 40 years and ≤ 89 years at the time of nodule finding, presentation to a pulmonologist, nodule size 8 to 20 mm, and definitive diagnosis ascertained by tissue diagnosis or radiographic follow-up for 2 years.
Pulmonary involvement can be ascertained by a combination of clinical, radiographic and laboratory findings, in conjunction with results of a transbronchial biopsy.
Additional clinical and radiographic follow-up is still required to ascertain the longer term results.
Finally, with reference to Lepore et al.'s study, the exact point of clinical and radiographic fracture union is clearly difficult to ascertain with any reliability or reproducibility, particularly since patient follow-up was on a 2 monthly basis.
The needles were inserted through the spinal cord parenchyma to reach the ventral aspect of the vertebral canal and this position was ascertained using fluoroscopy and observing cerebrospinal fluid dripping from the needle hub (and, in some cases, injections of radiographic contrast agent were used to ascertain correct positioning within the vertebral canal).
