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Discover LudwigSuggestions(1)
The phrase "ascertained using direct" is not complete and lacks clarity in written English.
It can be used in contexts where you are discussing methods of determining or finding out information directly, but it needs to be part of a fuller sentence for clarity.
Example: "The results were ascertained using direct observation methods to ensure accuracy."
Alternatives: "determined through direct" or "established by direct".
Exact(1)
Tallal et al. (2001) and Conti-Ramsden et al. (2006) also compared rates of language impairment ascertained using direct testing with rates ascertained using self-report data.
Similar(59)
Thermal stability of the PSMA/TiO2 hybrid was ascertained using TGA[1 10].
Technical acceptability was ascertained using recently-validated optimizations [31].
Drug resistance was ascertained using published guidelines [24].
Dilutions were ascertained using UV measurement.
Complications were ascertained using standard criteria (24).
Frailty was ascertained using the validated scale.
Macrovascular complications were ascertained using standard procedures.
Disease history was ascertained using a questionnaire.
Cardiovascular complications were ascertained using standard procedures.
Cancer incidence was ascertained using county and state cancer registries.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com