The approach of Kerner and Völzke comparing incidence rates of SH from different countries ascertained by heterogenous methods would seem less appropriate.
Symptoms of dry mouth, ascertained by the MD-HAQ, were less commonly reported among HIV-monoinfected than coinfected (20% versus 45%; p = 0.08) or HCV-monoinfected (20% versus 48%; p = 0.04) patients.
In a subsequent study combining data from seven UK cohort studies (Dahm et al, 2010), fibre intake was ascertained by food diaries (rather than the less reliable food frequency questionnaires used in most studies), and issues of confounding (by anthropometric and socioeconomic factors, and dietary intake of folate, alcohol and energy) were addressed.
Almost 40% of registrants are ascertained by "BSfreq" as the primary source, whereas less than 10% of the registrants are ascertained by "Chiro" as the primary source.
The carotid wall with a intima-media thickness of less than 1 mm, ascertained by echocardiogram performed according to the described methodology, was considered normal.
Second, in most studies, smoking exposure was exclusively ascertained by self-reporting which is known to be less than perfect and most likely led to underestimation of true effects.
Annual household income for a participant was ascertained by asking "Is your annual household income from all sources less than…?", and then specifying income levels from U.S. dollars (USD) <5,000 to USD >150,000 [ 25].
Article 110 of the Constitution states: "The need for revision of the Constitution shall be ascertained by a resolution of Parliament adopted, on the proposal of not less than fifty Members of Parliament..
23 Because there is much less protein binding of cortisone, levels of cortisone ascertained by these methods are more likely to reflect "free" levels.
The extent of pulmonary restriction, ascertained by forced vital capacities as a percentage of predicted values (FVC%p), was less severe among ambulatory IPF subjects, compared to the transplant recipients (66±2% vs. 53±1%, respectively, p<0.0001).
