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Polypharmacy (25, 26) was ascertained by identifying subjects dispensed more than four chronically used medications during the period 12 months before the survey date.
Existing skills and resources which lead to better outcomes can be ascertained by identifying individuals who have solved problems despite being at greatest risk of a bad outcome [ 44].
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For this review, we included US-based outbreaks that 1) had >3 culture-confirmed cases that had epidemiologic links and TB strains with matching genotypes and 2) had the initial source case in the transmission chain, as ascertained by that investigation, identified in the written report.
Cases in Denmark and Sweden were not ascertained by self-report, but identified via local and national diabetes and pharmaceutical registers, and hence treated as verified [ 14].
Cases in Umeå were not ascertained by self-report, but identified via local and national diabetes and pharmaceutical registers, and hence all ascertained cases were considered to be verified.
Cases in Denmark and Sweden were not ascertained by self-reporting but were identified via local and national diabetes and pharmaceutical registers.
Cases in Denmark and Sweden were not ascertained by self-report, but were identified via local and national diabetes and pharmaceutical registers, and hence were considered as verified.
Diagnosis of CD was ascertained by standard clinical criteria [ 34], and strictured areas were identified by enteroclysis [ 35].
Female adults were identified morphologically and their identity was further ascertained by PCR amplification and sequencing of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of rDNA [ 4].
The number of cases ascertained by each data source was not included, as cases would be identified by more than one data source.
Diabetes status was ascertained by baseline interviews, and incidence of hip fracture post-enrollment was identified through a nationwide hospital discharge database.
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