Subjects' survival days post-diagnosis were ascertained by an active validation of their vital status until December 31, 2000.
Active TB was ascertained by symptoms, chest X-ray and AFB smear and culture in The Gambia [16], and by symptoms, chest X-ray and AFB smear in Pakistan [14].
The number of active wireless nodes can be clearly ascertained by listening to the medium using MAC [9, 10] and direction of flows in each wireless node is apparent using source and destination port numbers.
Cases of clinical malaria and malaria infection by P. falciparum were ascertained by a combination of passive case detection (PCD) and active detection of infection (ADI) as described elsewhere [10].
Antibodies of which the specificities have been ascertained by the modENCODE project [ 36, 54] were obtained from Abcam, Inc., and Active Motif, Inc. Enriched chromatin extracts were used to prepare bar-coded sequencing libraries.
An obvious strength of this study is that detailed information on the main risk factors such as active smoking, family history of lung cancer and occupational exposure was ascertained by closely supervised, trained interviewers using standardised questionnaires.
We further ascertained, by visualization of green fluorescent protein (GFP -expressing B. pseudomallei, whether killinGFP -expressing is mediated primarily B. active infection of the nematode gut or by secreted toxin(s) into the media.
Those responsible for the firing could not be ascertained by the United Nations military observers.
