Thus, the ascent angle decreased with increasing support diameter in Humulus lupulus L. (Bell 1958) and Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Putz and Holbrook 1991; Scher et al. 2001), but the radius of curvature of the twining vine helix was unaffected.
Handling time should increase with trellis diameter (≈ lower ascent angle, Bell 1958; Putz and Holbrook 1991; Scher et al. 2001) and vary with the degree of specialization of the climbing mechanism (Gentry 1991) (Fig. 2).
In African penguins, steeper ascent angles presumably occur when they have depleted their oxygen stores and must return to the surface more quickly to breathe [1].
Even as sales and rental prices for apartments in New York City have eased their angle of ascent somewhat, the quest for summer weekend and vacation rental houses shows no signs of abating, with prices up slightly from last year or at least constant.
Even considering the pitch tilt previously cited [12, 13], a negative pitch angle during ascent does not correctly represent the pitch angle of a pup.
A steep pitch angle during ascent indicates that they encountered a prey patch and a shallow pitch angle contributes to movement into a more profitable area in the following dive, due to increasing the horizontal distance [2].
So for the time being North Korea has to program the coordinates into the missile's inertial guidance system, and trust that taking measurements like acceleration, speed, and angle of ascent, its internal computer can determine where the target is.
Using the software package ImageJ (Schneider, Rasband, & Eliceiri, 2012) and the known distances of the arcs, we calculated speed to that point (cm/s) and angle of ascent (degrees).
The reduced take-off performance of winter Svalbard ptarmigan is consistent with data from the only comparable avian study in terms of the percentage of mass increase, in which blackcaps (60% elevation in Mb) showed a 32% lower angle of ascent and 17% lower take-off velocity than lean individuals (Kullberg et al., 1996).
Interestingly, when documenting induced twining in Ipomoea vines, it was observed that leaf damage mimicking insect herbivory caused a reduction in the angle of ascent within the first three gyres in all tested species (I. purpurea, I. tricolor Cav., I. nil) (Atala and Gianoli 2008).
Whether reduced angles of ascent in twiners translate into enhanced appression of the support remains to be tested, but related evidence suggests the opposite (Putz and Holbrook 1991; Silk and Hubbard 1991; Scher et al. 2001).
