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Epidemiological surveys demonstrate the importance of Streptococcus pneumoniae as the primary pathogen in CAP [ 7– 9].
In the 1990s, NVs were identified as the primary pathogen associated with shellfish-borne gastroenteritis in the United States [ 10].
The pathology and comprehensive virus investigations in this case indicate ARV as the primary pathogen in this magpie, with concurrent secondary infection subsequent to immunosuppression, as has been observed with reoviral infections in other bird species.
We have therefore chosen for now to designate most of our isolates as Peptoniphilus spp. In summary, clinical microbiology laboratories should be aware that Peptoniphilus are rare but important causes of BSI infection either as the primary pathogen or as part of a polymicrobial infection.
Interestingly, a related skin commensal Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as the primary pathogen in unusual cases of acute cholecystitis [ 21]. S. aureus associated acute cholecystitis might be encountered in the clinical setting of bacteremia due to infective endocarditis or nosocomial acquisition in patients with chronic medical conditions [ 21].
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However, compared with older children and adults, B-cell responses are lower in infants, rendering them particularly vulnerable to polysaccharide-coated pathogens, such as the primary pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis, Hib, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis, which are T-cell independent.
IP is believed to be a mixed infection of multiple anaerobic pathogens, such as Fusobacterium necrophorum (which is believed to be the primary pathogen), Dichelobacter nodus, Porphyromonas levii, P. asaccharolytica, Prevotella intermedia, and P. melaninogenica [ 3, 4].
The primary pathogen Cryptococcus gattii, previously designated as Cryptococcus bacillisporus or Cryptococcus neoformans var.
Lxx is the primary pathogen of concern in the production of pathogen-free sugarcane seed cane.
The primary pathogens related to shellfishborne gastroenteritis outbreaks are noroviruses.
While a leading role has been so far attributed solely to Influenza A as the primary infective pathogen, Influenza B is generally considered to be less pathogenic with little impact on morbidity and mortality of otherwise healthy adults.
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