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The method can be seen as the discretization of the Lippmann Schwinger equation with piecewise polynomials.
This is in contrast to models that lump the pullout force at the crack surfaces, which can lead to spurious break-off of matrix particles as the discretization of the matrix is refined.
As it is almost always infeasible to solve (2.4) directly [11, 12], the problem is solving by the introduction of the artificial time t ≥ 0. Let ϕ (·, 0) = ϕ0 and consider the right hand side of (2.4) as the discretization of ϕ t.
In [12], considering the histogram of gradients of y as the discretization of the pdf of gradient distribution of y, the gradient histogram of the original image x is found by solving argmin_{H_{x}}{|H_{y} - H_{x} otimes H_{v}|^{2}+ccdot R(H_{x})} (9).
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Voronoi diagrams are used for the selection of suitable node sets as well as for the discretization of the equations.
Note that discrete modelling techniques are very relevant in the study of ecology and biology problems as well, like, for instance, the discretization of logistic equations [12] leading to discrete models such as those related to the well-known Riecker, Beverton-Holt and Hassel equations (see, for instance, [13 21] and references therein).
The discretization of (10.3) as well as the notation follow Section 6.1.
The convergence of solutions is discussed as a function of the discretization of the solution domain, particularly at frequencies approaching resonance.
As a particular example of the discretization of continuous values in (15), we consider the case of x2 belonging to QAM16.
The model of pipelines is based on the discretization of four equations, as state equation of air, motion equation, continuity equation, and energy equation.
The problem is solved by developing and implementing a 3D Boundary Element Method formulation using a normal derivative integral equation (TBEM), thereby allowing the definition of models in which only the discretization of the barriers as single open surfaces is required.
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