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This population of NPCs was used as starting cells for iPS induction in the following experiments.
In this study, we describe a defined, serum-free two-step differentiation system using both human ESCs and iPSCs as starting cells.
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Both differentiated and undifferentiated stem cells have been used as starting cell sources.
The cell number at the time point of 6 hr was used as starting cell number (N0).
Furthermore, we could generate ESC-like colonies by 5, 4, and 3 factor transduction from REF cells as the starting cells (Figure S4).
Thus, in this case, rat embryonic fibroblasts were used as both starting cells and feeders for reprogramming.
We next used neonatal mouse tail-tip fibroblasts (TTFs) as the starting cells to induce cardiac transdifferentiation.
Moreover, the amount recovered in the medium after 3 hr was three times as much as present in the starting cells, indicating that the relatively constant levels of cell body and ciliary SAG1-C65-HA during sustained agglutinin receptor interactions and signaling reflected a dynamic balance between synthesis, ciliary delivery, and release from the cilia.
These data suggest that the epigenetic state of starting cells can act as a reprogramming barrier.
ESCs from the morula were chosen as the starting cell material for cell therapy of diseased retina as they are totipotent, that is able to differentiate into any adult cell type, and have potentially unlimited self-renewal capacity.
MCF-10AT cells were originally chosen as the starting cell population for our study because of the intrinsic low incidence of tumor formation [ 18– 20] and the lack of any cancer stem cell-like characteristics.
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