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We further explored the costs of incorporating these assays as stand-alone tests for TB diagnosis, or alternatively in conjunction with existing diagnostics.
Here we conducted a multicenter case control study using standardized quantitative DNA methylation assays to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of testing for SOX1 and PAX1 DNA methylation in clinical settings, as stand-alone tests or in combination with Pap smearing.
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Chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing may be carried out as either stand-alone testing or as part of a full sexual health screen including additional testing for syphilis and HIV.
Local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been adopted as a stand-alone test by the National Toxicology Program ICCVAMM, 1999) and as the method of choice under REACH (OECD, 2002, 2009; van Loveren et al., 2008) for evaluation of contact skin sensitization.
It is important to bear in mind that for a life-threatening condition such as pneumoperitoneum, US can be used as a screening test but it cannot be used as a stand-alone test to rule out pneumoperitoneum in high clinical suspected cases, nor can be used to rule in pneumoperitonuem and to send patients for surgery without a confirmative test such as CT.
It is clear that Determine TB-LAM cannot be used as a stand-alone test but has a potentially important role as an add-on test within the diagnostic algorithm.
The terms "rationally related" and "rational basis" must be employed with care, particularly if either is to be used as a stand-alone test.
Radiology and manometry are complementary investigations in the assessment of UES function, and manometry should not be used as a stand-alone test.
Conclusion: The results indicated that, in this group of volunteers, the supine leg length alignment check had clinical validity as a stand-alone test for recurring back pain.
Therefore, this test could be a useful add-on to other genes in the genetic testing panel, but should not be pursued as a stand-alone test.
Considering that such genetic and metabolic variations may limit the efficacy of urinalysis in testing doping, it can be suggested that urinalysis, if used as a stand-alone test, is susceptible to confounding doping results [11 13, 16 21].
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