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While these concepts are frequently ignored (Campbell and Nehm, 2013), researchers who address the issues of reliability and validity often mistake them as required properties of one's assessment tools rather than, correctly, as characteristics of the interpretations we make from the tools' results (Cronbach and Meehl, 1955; Messick, 1995; Brown, 2005; Campbell and Nehm, 2013).
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However, a rational design of novel nanoplasmonic substrates, which gathers as much as the required properties for a substrate to be a 'good' sensor is critical through the development of applications that can be effectively transferred as applied technologies.
In what follows, without loss of generality, we rewrite P = ∑ i φ i 2 + ∑ i j φ i j 2 + ∑ i j k φ i j k 2 + ⋯ simply as P = ∑ i φ i 2. The system of partial differential equations arising from the breaking of supersymmetry, which has the required properties as discussed in [1] is u t = − u ‴ − u u ′ − 1 4 ( P ′, ξ t = − ξ ‴ − 1 2 ( ξ u ) ′. (5).
In this study, we tested whether the guinea pig l-asparaginase that we refer to as gpASNase3 has the required properties to be that enzyme.
The aim is to prove formally, before implementation, their correctness w.r.t. the required properties such as achieving safely the expected services (soundness property).
With this process, MWCNTs can be location-selectively incorporated in PC microspheres to afford the required properties such as electrical conductivity and thermal stability.
One can define the natural numbers (and therefore other basic mathematical structures such as the real and complex numbers) in type theory, but to prove that they have the required properties (such as Peano's Postulates), one needs an Axiom of Infinity.
On the other hand, in an image content authentication application, if the scenario is not considered properly (e.g., a watermark is generated without considering the required properties such as 'collision resistance' property), the scheme can have security flaws and may not be reliable in practice [3].
Reported AEM-3 (DCM: 74%), was designed to possess all the required properties such as good water uptake (26.2%), ion-exchange capacity (1.61 meq·g− 1), high permselectivity (0.98), and conductivity (7.67 × 10− 2 S cm− 1) due to high molality of quaternary ammonium groups.
If property j is price, legal rule (with values), availability or time-safety, w i,j is calculated according to Equation 3, where z is the required property value as defined in the weighted-match query and x is the actual property value specified in ConfiguredService.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com