We chose school track as a grouping variable, since school track comparisons are at the core of many large-scale educational programs, and school track has been found to be strongly related to PD, as reflected in item position effects (Nagy et al. 2016).
The patient's opinion as reflected in anamnestic items on daily functioning of the oral system was given priority in treatment outcome if the index of overall relative change (including changes related to items from clinical tests) indicated a 'successful' treatment while the anamnestic items alone indicated an 'unsuccessful' treatment (for details, see the main text).
For example, most participants seem to be able to take care of essential household business, as reflected in the low difficulty item parameter and low information of the household business item.
The authors recognize some questions were not perceived as suitable for the public setting due to social stigma, as reflected in the reluctance to answer items in our questionnaire pertaining to sensitive information.
Given that taking food in plain sight of a dominant individual can lead to punishment, we predicted that in the face conditions, individuals would be more hesitant to take the food items, as reflected in longer latencies.
Average reaction times (RTs) to make a nonword decision were strikingly constant at around 450 ms relative to the nonword point, as reflected in the high correlation (r = 0.72) between item RTs and the duration from sequence onset to the nonword point.
Another commonly used feature of modeling at the item level is the robust assessment of DIF, as reflected in the high proportion of performed DIF analyses.
Among the oldest individuals, the highest difficulty levels were found for the functional skills reflected in items 1a, 3a, and 4a, where about one third perceived the items as difficult or very difficult.
This section assesses: 1) the impact of treatment on patients' overall quality of life as reflected by items in domain A, B, C and D, and 2) the impact of treatment-related symptoms on their quality of life.
The total FKSI score is highly correlated with the total FACT-G as reflected by the functional, emotional, and symptom items in the FKSI.
