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Artemisinin and scopoletin (each 1 mg/mL) were used as reference substances (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany).
These impurities were used as reference substances in the following studies after structural elucidation by TOF-MS and NMR.
All the chemical reagents used as reference substances and for the preparation of microbiological media were of analytical purity (Avantor Performance Materials, Poland).
Apigenin-6,8-di-C-β-d-glucoside, isoviolanthin and apigenin-6-C-β-d-xyloside-8-C-β-d-Glucoside were isolated from the leaves of D. officinale via preparative liquid chromatography as reference substances for the experiments.
In order to compare the skin permeability of X. laevis to mammalian skin data, caffeine and testosterone were chosen as test compounds since they are well known as reference substances for performance with mammalian skin [12].
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O; CAS No 7440-20-0; CAQ CaSão Paulo, Braziliandma, São potassiumazil) andichromatem dichromate (K2Cr2O7; CAS No 7778-50-9; Cromoline Química Fina©, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil) in analytical grade were used as reference substances to monitor the sensitivity of the planarian culture.
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Antipyrine was added to the maternal reservoir of all placentae as reference substance.
Ascorbic acid was used as reference substance.
Escin was used as reference substance.
The synthetic inhibitor GW311616A was used as reference substance.
NaCl 0.9% without inhibitor served as negative control; UFH was used as reference substance.
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