The velocities at reference frequency and density are the same as given Table 1.
Then, adaptive sinusoidal oscillators with output rectification are introduced as the reference frequency regulator to compensate for the RFM problem.
To achieve a high frequency stability in the X-band downlink signal, the spacecraft is equipped with an USO as a reference frequency source.
Thus, regardless whether the reader is in frequency-hopping mode or not, the ARR receives the reader-transmitted signal at any frequency and uses it as a reference frequency for demodulation.
Squared TOPS uses the frequency band where the difference between the smallest signal eigenvalue λ i,L and the largest noise eigenvalue λ i,L+1 is maximum as the reference frequency [11].
Akatsuki RS employs an ultra-stable oscillator (USO) as an onboard reference frequency source.
The latter were identified as those genes having orthologs in all considered cyanobacteria (after removing the core genes, i.e. the fraction used to construct the reference frequency set, as described later).
The reference frequency is chosen as kHz, which is a common sampling frequency for speech.
For accurately calculating time lags, we use artificial input signals, as an accurate knowledge of the reference frequency at every point in time is essential.
The separation of resonance frequencies from a chosen reference frequency is termed as the 'chemical shift', and is expressed in terms of the dimensionless unit parts per million (p.p.m).
The reference frequency, which is defined as the frequency band of which the signal subspace will be used, should be the frequency band with the highest SNR.
