Herders and locals of small villages at the study area exhibit values associated to pastoralism and linked to their traditional cultural identity -'non-transformative' still as part of their livelihood linked to livestock, currently mediated also by tourism, outdoor recreation, educational, or other cultural demands.
It is a trade measure based on welfare standards for an animal the Inuit hunt as part of their livelihood and cultural tradition, but which clashed with the "collective preferences" of most Europeans.
To be eligible for participation, women had to report receipt of money in exchange for sex as part of their livelihood in the last 6 months, and be at least 16-years old, sexually active in the past 3 months, and not pregnant at the time of enrolment.
They also provide environmental and social benefits as part of farming livelihoods.
Other studies were concerned with migration only as a part of livelihood strategies adopted by households in poor areas (Abdelali-Martini et al. 2003; La Rovere et al. 2009, Mazid and Aw-Hassan 2002).
In Kampala, 96% use mobile phones and 30% use them for money transfers as part of their primary livelihood strategy.
Small farmers need access to markets as part of an expansion of livelihoods so their families can afford to buy food when even when drought or other problems mean it cannot be grown.
Household-driven initiatives may have evolved as part of a wider diversification of livelihood strategies.
The afternoon clubs, set up with the consent of village leaders as part of Brac's empowerment and livelihood for adolescents (ELA) programme, provide a forum for girls to socialise, write songs and poetry, and play games.
This is certainly the case in urban contexts of sub-Saharan Africa where mobility forms an integral part of livelihood and income-generating activities.
