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However, classification cannot keep the ordinal information because the damage levels are treated as nominal variables.
At present, ordinal variables are usually treated as nominal variables or as interval variables.
Since both food expenditures and household incomes as nominal variables could be subject to the effect of price changes, we have deflated the former using the food CPI and the latter using the GDP deflator.
Severity was then analyzed as nominal variables using for clinical score, length of oxygen supplementation and hospitalization the 50th percentile, and for SaO2% the significant hypoxemia threshold of 92%.
Inclusion of the confounding parameters age, BMI, and OGTT-derived insulin sensitivity as nominal variables (after stratification into quartiles) in the linear regression models resulted in very similar statistical data (Table S2).
Since the critical confounding variables age, BMI, and OGTT-derived insulin sensitivity did not achieve normal distribution even after applying the ladder of powers (probably due to the inclusion/exclusion criteria of our study), we additionally performed linear regression models including these parameters as nominal variables after stratification into quartiles.
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We categorized census tract estimates of air pollutant levels into quartiles based on the distribution in the study area and treated them as a nominal variable in all analyses.
Data are expressed as frequencies for nominal variables, and as means ± standard deviations (SDs) for continuous variables.
Genotypes were modeled as categorical (nominal variables) coded 0, 1, or 2 according to the number of variant alleles, or were dichotomized with the common homozygous genotype.
First, we estimated genetic associations with U-Hg for all persons in a country with adjustment for exposure subgroup (controls, low or high exposure) as categorical (nominal) variables, and after stratification by low or high exposure subgroup.
Initial analyses examined the effect of mutual adjustment for the three DDT-related compounds— p,p′ -DDT, o,p′ -DDT, and p,p′ -DDE where each compound was categorized in tertiles based on the control population and represented as two nominal variables: tertile 2 and tertile 3, where tertile 1 was the reference category.
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