Capsella rubella therefore has a much smaller effective population size than C. grandiflora, approximately 100 to 1500 fold smaller, as well as a lower effective recombination rate [ 28].
In regions of the genome with low recombination rates, mutations in linked genes compete for fixation (Hill and Robertson 1966), which has a similar effect as a lower effective population size.
This fact can be explained by the cooler atmospheres of our sample of SC-type stars due to the lower C/O ratio as well as to the lower effective temperature, compared with our sample of N-type stars.
The concept of a dose window, with upper and lower effective doses, as well as the effect of multiple stressors and the influence of genetics will also be examined.
However, there remains substantial disagreement as to whether the lower, effective number derived from certain population genetic models or the much larger, census number is a better estimate of effective population size [ 25].
This is lower than a previous estimate using a large set of Z-chromosome linked loci [0.36; [ 24], as expected given the lower effective population size [ 7, 59], and reduced introgression on the Z-chromosome compared to the autosomes [ 53].
Theory predicts that inbreeding species should have relaxed selective pressure for genomic traits such as codon usage due to lower effective recombination rates giving rise to reduced effective population size as compared with their outcrossing counterparts (see Charlesworth and Wright 2001).
The rest of the parameters, excluding topography have lower effective weights as compared to the theoretical weights.
This experiment was conducted with similar demographic size as [ 41] but slightly lower effective population size (<300).
As shown in this figure, the support for each tandem duplication significantly decreases due to lower effective coverage as we increase the noise in the data.
