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In general, the correlation among repeated measures can be modeled implicitly, i.e. by including random effects as in the mixed model, or explicitly, i.e. by specifying a covariance structure between observations as in the marginal model.
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The selected items and BMI together were put in the mixed model as fixed effects on EDI subscales while the clustering of students in class was treated as random effect.
The QTL effect is accounted for in the mixed model as an extra random effect with the covariance structure proportional to the IBD (identity by descent) matrix at the QTL position given the linked markers [ 2].
Inclusion of depression status and psychotropic medication use as covariates in the mixed model did not affect the principle findings.
By including slaughter weight and meat content as covariates in the mixed model the fixed effects for the haplotypes were adjusted.
For BLUPs of each tocochromanol trait, the Bayesian information criterion (Schwarz 1978) was used to determine the optimal number of principal components to include as covariates in the mixed model.
We chose not to include these post-randomization metabolic data as covariates in the mixed model, because doing so could confound 'cause and effect' and result in a biased estimate of the treatment effect, thereby compromising the primary goal of the analysis.
The explained variances were evaluated in the same way as for the mixed model, by evaluating var(Wat) and var(Qgt) over MCMC cycles t, except that the a and g samples are obtained under the mixture model prior assumptions.
Section "A mixed model approach" introduces the specific mixed model in which the log proportional hazards measure forms the outcome measure, the study factor is a normally distributed random effect (to cope with unobserved heterogeneity), and other observed covariates (such as gold standard or diagnostic test variation) are considered as fixed effects in the mixed model.
We tested heterogeneity between centers by using center as a covariate in the mixed model.
The participants' cortical areas and connectivity direction were entered as random effects in the mixed model (Frye, Wu, et al. 2010).
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