Exact(1)
Moderate effect sizes were found for distractibility, well-being, as well as for trait measures indicating low aggression and greater social orientation.
Similar(59)
The fact that genes are important for personality traits, including those assessed by the TCI scale [ 37], as well as for traits such as aggression and irritability [ 60], is well established.
This could be the case for traits involved in precopulatory conflict, such as premating struggles [ 41, 42], as well as for traits involved in postcopulatory conflict, such as manipulative seminal substances [ 43].
For instance, many latitudinal clines exist in Drosophila for allele frequencies at allozyme loci, chromosomal inversions, and microsatellites; as well as for traits like starvation resistance, desiccation resistance, and body size where the differences between populations have a genetic basis and can even persist for many generations under laboratory reared conditions [ 1- 4].
These concepts have a distinguished history, having been used by Darwin and, more recently, by eminent biologists such as Theodosius Dobzhansky (1970), roughly as synonyms for trait loss.
It can be explained by directional epistasis, as expected for traits with a complex genetic architecture [ 26].
As suggested for traits not normally distributed [ 40], the QTL analysis was conducted following parametric and non-parametric approaches.
Empirical analyses have shown only small differences between methods, with a slight advantage of models performing "selection and shrinkage" such as BayesB for traits with "large-effect QTL".
CRISPR-Cas9 system could be exploited as a powerful tool for trait improvements in crop breeding.
A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered as the criterion for trait-phenotype association.
We then estimated the trait h2 using the exact same setting (i.e., GRM and covariates) as for the traits derived by the proposed approach.
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