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These challenges primarily relate to the 'multi-class' nature of the problem, as ontologies have often very large numbers of classes, the 'structured dependency relations' between these classes (i.e. the axioms in the ontology) and, in many cases, the 'multi-label' nature of the classification problem as data items are usually annotated to more than one ontology class.
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Since LISP objects may be other functions as well as individual data items (variables, in mathematical terminology) or data structures (see the section Data structures and algorithms), a programmer can create functions at the appropriate level of abstraction to solve the problem at hand.
Collection data structures such as CLUSTER, ITEM_TREE, ITEM_LIST, and archetype slots cannot be used as identification data items or query data items.
If a probability distribution changes from P 0 to P 1, then the log-likelihood ratios estimates that are derived as new data items arrive are positive – and thus the cumulative sum S j continuously increases.
As the data items are generally stored in one direction, when you want to access the data items in a 3D pattern, you need to either buffer a large amount of data items or access them in a very slow nonlinear pattern.
The information in the binary matrix B was added to the original data set as new data items.
The first one was selected from laboratory data (called laboratory data sample) and contains blood group, Rhesus factor, and hemoglobin level as tracer data items.
The initial set contained all of the cleaned data elements, coded values and free text values to be used as the data items in the encoding process.
One of the main limitations of this study is that we do not have data available on stage and grade of the tumours, or PSA levels, as these data items are not routinely collected by NYCRIS.
Creating an effective information system to manage such data requires careful database design, and often necessitates significant adaptations to both design and software as new data items and workflows become apparent once the study has started.
33 Staff at the registries was centrally trained through programs run by the National Headquarters for Cancer Registries in Nigeria and delivered as instructed data items abstracted from pathology reports, medical charts, and questionnaires to treating physicians in order to obtain complete data on therapies.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com