Therapy-associated ILD may help explain the higher prevalence of ILD in patient studies, as compared with population studies where often only palliative care and support were available.
The percentage of lupus patients' family members reporting any autoimmune disease was 28.3%, which was significantly increased as compared with population control individuals, with the most commonly reported autoimmune diseases being rheumatoid arthritis (11.4%), closely followed by hypothyroidism (11.2%).
This includes a 14% risk of connective tissue cancers (95% CI 7.8 24%) and a 7.9% risk of brain and central nervous system malignancies (95% CI 3.9 16%, as compared with population risks of around 0.12 and 0.46%, respectively, by age 70 years.
As compared with population norms, boys in this at-risk sample were more likely to receive an abnormal teacher-rated hyperactivity/inattention score (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.17).
Nevertheless, the first-degree relatives of lupus patients had reduced proportions of NKT cells and a relative shift toward increased proportions of memory and reduced proportions of naïve B and CD4+ T cells, as compared with population control individuals.
For VT outside pregnancy QOL has been shown to be reduced as compared with population norms, and the presence of PTS seems to be the most important predictor for a poor outcome.
These measures have demonstrated HRQOL impairment and loss of physical functioning for patients with AS, compared with the general population.
13 14 Studies also demonstrate differences in the epidemiology of stroke, with the slope of the relationship between blood pressure and stroke steeper among Asian populations as compared with Australian populations, 15 and haemorrhagic stroke occurring more frequently in Chinese populations than in Western populations.
TB incidence rates are higher in foreign-born populations as compared with native populations.
Also, if selection coefficients are dependent upon conditions determined by genetic backgrounds and environments, even slightly advantageous mutant substitutions may become rapid in small populations as compared with large populations (Ohta 1972).
