The phrase "as by defects" is not correct and does not convey a clear meaning in written English.
It is unclear when to use it due to its lack of clarity and context.
Example: "The project was delayed as by defects in the initial design." (Note: This example is awkward and not recommended.)
Alternatives: "due to flaws" or "because of shortcomings."
CKD is characterized by mesangial cell injury as well as by defects of the glomerular filtration barrier [ 15].
For example, basal breast cancer is a myoepithelial disease variant characterized by high histologic grade [ 5], by the absence of HER-2 (ErB2) and receptors for estrogen and progesterone [ 6], by the expression of basal cytokeratins (that is, keratin 5) and proliferation-associated genes [ 7, 8], as well as by defects in genomic gatekeepers, p53, or BRCA1 [ 9].
Collagen IV-related nephropathies, including thin basement membrane nephropathy and Alport Syndrome (AS), are caused by defects in the genes COL4A3, COL4A4 and COL4A5.
However, many important actions involve activation through binding to HREs, as revealed by defects in dim/dim mice that are impaired in transactivation at HREs [4], [6], [7].
We demonstrate for the first time the applicability of yeast to study the molecular mechanisms linked to human SSADH deficiency, as well as other disorders caused by defects in GABA metabolism.
Ronning et al. [23] explained this bending phenomenon as caused by defect accumulation.
Fully coherent SiGe/Si crystals up to 6 µm in width were achieved as confirmed by defect etching and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses.
The measurements indicate that the solubility of lithium in MgO bulk increases with increasing oxygen activity, as predicted by defect theory.
As in work hardening, its motion can be halted by defects such as dislocations, stacking faults or twins in the austenite.
Failures of all-composite CNG cylinders for vehicle in service were mainly caused by defects such as crazes, and cracks, etc. in cylinder liners.
The results show that the compressive stress induced by defects such as dislocation, 9R phases and deformation twinning drives the crack closure.
