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The method considers the height of each pixel as an unknown variable, which is retrieved during the inversion process together with the electron density values.
The power angle, which is a crucial variable for the excitation control, is not assumed to be available for feedback, as mechanical power is also considered as an unknown variable.
Determination of w0N used as an unknown variable is dependent on edge support condition and that of w0F on zero face shear conditions.
For example, in log-distance system model for urban area cellular radio, its value is set to 3. As a result, path loss exponent is not taken as an unknown variable in this article.
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As η is an unknown variable, the lower and upper bounds of the analytical results are provided.
The mixed boundary value problem is reduced to a hypersingular integral equation with the crack surface displacement as an unknown function and the crack contact length as an additional unknown variable.
The mixed boundary value problem is reduced to a singular integral equation with the crack contact length as an additional unknown variable.
A methodological consequence of this adaptation is that we cannot directly compare MBCT to mADM because the MBCT preference group may differ from the mADM preference group with respect to known as well as unknown variables.
Thus, we can alternatively regard ( {varvec{theta}}_{b} ) as one type of special "measurements" with noises and ( {varvec{theta}} ) as an unknown state variable vector.
There is much reference made to environmental factors in the lupus epigenetics literature, yet these typically refer to a few examples or are invoked as an unknown explanatory variable.
There may be as yet unknown variables that prevent proper dosing with the IMDDS.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com